Five Kingdom Classification

Five Kingdom Classification

• Whittaker classified the organisms into five kingdoms are these are as follows:-

1. Kingdom Monera
2. Kingdom Protista
3. Kingdom Fungi
4. Kingdom Plantae
5. Kingdom Animalia

1) Kingdom Monera:-

• These organisms do not have defined nucleus or organelles some of them have cell walls while some do not.

• These group includes bacteria, blue green algae or cyanobacteria and mycoplasma.

2) Kingdom Protista:-

• This group includes many kinds of unicellular eukaryotic organisms some of these organisms use appendages, such as hair like cilia or whip like flagella for moving around. 

• Their mode of nutrition can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.

• Examples are unicellular algae, diatoms and protozoans.

3) Kingdom Fungi:-

• These are heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms.

• They use decaying organic material as food and are therefore called saprophytes.

• They have cell-walls made of a tough complex sugar called chitin.

4) Kingdom Plantae:-

• These are multicelluar eukaryotes with cell walls.

• They are autotrophs and use chlorophyll for photosynthesis. Thus all plants are included in this group.

5) Kingdom Animalia:-

• These include all organisms which are multicellular eukaryotes without cell walls. 

• They are heterotrophs.

Phytoremediation

Phytoremediation

• Plants acts a filters and metabolize substances generated by nature plants are used to remove contaminants from soil and water.

In phytoremediation four type of techniques:-

1. Phyto-extraction.
2. Phyto-transformation.
3. Phyto-stabilization.
4. Phyto-degradation.

1) Phyto-extraction:-

• In phyto-exraction contaminants are accumulated into the roots and above the ground shoots or leaves used for extracting heavy metals and phytomining.

2) Phyto-transformation:-

• In this phyto-transformation uptake of contaminants from soil, sediments or water take place.

3) Phyto-stabilization:-

•  In this phyto-stabilization plants reduce the mobility and migration of contaminants and contaminated soil.

4) Phyto-degradation:-

• Phyto-degradation is the breakdown of contaminants due to presence of proteins and enzymes produced by the plants.

Classification of Enzymes

Classification of Enzymes

Enzymes are classified into six group's:

1. Oxidoreductase
2. Transferases
3. Hydrolases
4. Lyases
5. Isomerases
6. Ligases

1) Oxidoreductase:-

• Catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions
• Example:A(reduction) +B(oxidation)➡️A(oxidation) +B(reduction)  
• Oxidases, use oxygen as an e- acceptor
• Dehydrogenases, use molecules like NAD+ as e- acceptor

2) Transferases:-

• Involve transfer of groups from one molecule to another.
• Example:  A-B+C➡️A+B-C
• Transcarboxylases, transfer -COOH groups
• Kinases, transfer phosphate from ATP to a substrate.

3) Hydrolases:-

• catalyze reaction, where bonds are cleaved by adding water.
• Example: A-B + H2O➡️ A-H + B-OH
• Phosphodiesterase, cleaves phosphodiester bonds.
• Peptidase, cleaves peptide bonds of proteins

4) Lyases:-

• They catalyse breaking of C-C, C-O, C-N, C-S and other bonds
• Example: A=B + HX ➡️AX +B-H
• Synthases, link two molecules without involvement of ATP
• Aldolases, remove aldehydes via elimination reaction.

5) Isomerases:-

• Catalyze several types of interamolecular rearrangements to yield isomeric form
• Example: A-B ➡️ BA
• Mutases, intramolecular transfer of functional groups

6) Ligases:-

• Catalyse formation of bonds, energy always coming from ATP hydrolysis.
• Example: A + B + ATP ➡️ A-B + ADP
• Synthetases
• carboxylases

Subphylum Vertebrata

Subphylum vertebrata contains five classes and this are as follows-

• Class Pisces
• class Amphibia
• Class Reptilia
• Class Aves
• Class Mammalia

1) Class Pisces-

1. These are fish.
2. They are exclusively aquatic animals.
3. Their skin is covered with scales.
4. They obtain oxygen dissolved in water by using gills.
5. The body is streamlined, and a muscular tail is used for movement.
6. They are cold-blooded and their hearts have only two chambers, unlike the four that humans have.
7. They lay eggs.

Fish

2) Class Amphibia-

1. These animals differ from the fish in the lack of scales, in having mucus glands in the skin, and a three chambered heart.
2. Respiration is through either by gills or lungs.
3. They lay eggs.
4. These animals are found both in water and on land.

Examples-  Frogs, Toads and salamanders.

Frog

3) Class Reptilia-

1. These animals are cold-blooded, have scales and breathe through lungs.
2. While most of them have a three-chambered heart, crocodiles have four heart chambers
3. They lay eggs with tough coverings and do not need to lay their eggs in water, unlike amphibians.

Examples- Snakes, Turtles, Lizards, Crocodiles.

Snake

4) Class Aves-

1. These are warm-blooded animals and have a four chambered heart.
2. They lay eggs.
3. There is an outside covering of feathers and two forelimbs are modified for flight.
4. They breath through lungs.
5. All birds fall in this category.

Bird

5) Class Mammalia-

1. Mammals are warm-blooded animals with four-chambered hearts.
2. They have-mammary glands for the production of milk to nourish their young.
3. Their skin has hairs as well as sweat and oil glands.
4. Most mammals to us produce live young ones.
5. However, a few of them, like the platypus and the echidna lay eggs and some like kangaroos give birth to very poorly developed young ones.

Cat

Phylum Chordata

Chordata

Phylum Chordata:

1) Subphylum Protochordata
2) Subphylum Vertebrata

Protochordata:

1. This animals are billaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and have a coelom.
2. In addition, they show a new feature of body design, namely a notochord, at least at some stages during their lives.
3. The notochord is a long rod-like support structure that runs along the back of the animal separating the nervous tissue from the gut.
4. It provides a place for muscles to attach for ease of movement.
5. Protochordates may not have a proper notochord present at all stages.
6. Protochordates are marine animals.
7. Examples- Balanoglossus, Amphioxus.
   

Vertebrata:

1. These animals have a true vertebral column and internal skeleton allowing a completely different distribution of muscle attachment points to be used for movement.
2. Vertebrata are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic coelomic and segmented, with complex differentiation of body tissue and organs.
3. There is five classes of this subphylum i.e Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia.

Aves

Animal Kingdom

Porifera

1. Porifera means organisms with holes.  This are non-motile animals attached to some solid support.
2. These lead to a canal system that helps in circulating water throughout the body to bring in food and oxygen.
3. Covered with a hard outside layer or skeleton the body design involves very minimal differentiation and division into tissues.
4. They are commonly called sponges and are mainly found in marine habitat.
5. They are commonly called sponges and are mainly found in marine habitats.
6. Examples- Euplectelea, Sycon, Spongilla.

Colenterata (Cnidaria)

1. These are animals living in water.
2. They show more body design differentiation.
3. There is a cavity in the body.
4. The body is made of two layers of cells one makes up cells on the outside of the body and the other makes the inner lining of the body.
5. Some of these species live in colonies (corals) while others have a solitary like- span (Hydra) jellyfish, hydra and sea anemones are common examples.

Platyhelminthes

1. The body of animals in this group is far more complexly designed than in the two other groups we have considered so far.
2. The body is bilaterally symmetrical, meaning that the left and the right halves of the body have the same design.
3. There are three layers of cells from which differentiated tissues can be made, which is why such animals are called triploblastic.
4. There is thus some degree of tussue formation. However, there is no true internal body cavity or coelom, in which well developed organs can be accommodated.
5. The body is flattened dorsiventrally, meaning from top to bottom, which is why these animals are called flatworms.
6. They are either free living or parasitic, some examples are free living animals like planarians or parasitic animals like liverflukes.

Liver fluckes

Nematoda

1. The nematode body is also bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic, However the body is cylindrical rather than flattened.
2. There are tissues, but no real organs although a sort of body cavity or a pseudocoelom is present.
3. These are very familiar as parasitic worms causing diseases such as the worms causing in the intestines (roundworm or pinworm).
4. Examples- Ascaris, Wucheria

Ascaris

Annelida

1. Annelid animals are also bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic, but in addition they have a true body cavity.
2. This allows true organs to be packaged in the body structure.
3. There is thus, extensive organ differentiation fashion, wtih the segments lined up one after the other from head to tail.
4. These animals are found in a variety of habitats fresh water, marine water as well as land. Earthworms and leeches, Nereis are familiar examples.

Arthropoda

1. This is probably the largest group of animals.
2. This animals are bilaterally symmetrical and segmented.
3. There is an open circulatory system, and so the blood does not flow in well defined blood vessels.
4. The coelomic cavity is blood-filled.
5. They have jonted legs.
6. The word "arthropod" means 'jointed legs'.
7. Some familiar examples are Prowns, Butterflies, Houseflies, Spiders, Scorpion and Crabs.

Scorpion

Mollusca

1. In the animals of this group, there is bilateral symmetry.
2. The coelomic cavity is reduced. There is little segmentation.
3. They have an open circulatory system and kidney- like organs for excretion.
4. There is a foot that is used for moving around. E.g  Snails 
5. Examples- Chiton, Octopus. Pila, Unio.

Pila

Echinodermata

1. In greek, derma means skin.
2. Thus these are spiny skinned organisms.
3. This are exclusively free-living marine animals.
4. They are triploblastic and have a coelomic cavity. 
5. They also have a peculiar water-driven tube system that they use for moving around.
6. They have hard calcium carbonate structures that they use as a skeleton. Examples are starfish and sea urchins.
7. Examples- Holothuria (sea cucumber) Echinus (sea urchin) Asterias (star fish) Antedon             (feather star).

Echinus

Bioremediation

Bioremediation

     Bioremediation is a biological process whereby organic wastes are biologically degraded under controlled conditions.

- This process uses the living organism, primarily microorganisms, to degrade the environmental contaminants.
- It can be done by two methods
1) In-situ (Lower cost)
2) Ex-situ (Higher cost)
- In In-situ bioremediation is treating the contaminated material at the site.
- In Ex-situ bioremediation involve the treatment elsewhere
- Both the methods involve different techniques such as-
1) Bioventing.
2) Biosparging.
3) Bioreactor.

4) Composting

5) Landfarming
6) Bioaugmentation.
7) Biostimulation.
🔵 Bioventing-
       In-situ method, uses microorganisms to biodegrade organic constituents adsorbed on the soils in the unsaturated zone.
🔵 Biosparging-
       In-situ method, uses indigenous microbes to biodegrade organic constituents in the saturated zone, where oxygen and nutrients are injected into the zone to increase biological activity
🔵 Biostimulation-
       Modification of the environment to stimulate the existing bacteria capable of bioremediation.
🔵 Bioaugmentation-
       Selected, standardized bacteria are added to an area, to breakdown the contaminants.
🔵 Composting
       Controlled decomposition of organic matters.
🔵 Bioreactors-
       Used for ex-situ treatment, using engineered containment system.
🔵 Landfarming-
       Contaminated soil is excavated and spread over a prepared bed and periodically tilled until pollutants are degraded.  (Aerobic degradation)